Global cultural exchange Free Essay Example, 1250 words

I will consider as comparison subjects the following aspects of cultural exchange: religion, scholarship, art and architecture and trade; as an outcome, I will determine which of these aspects has been the best means of cultural exchange. The territories on the Iberian Peninsula, also corresponding to modern Spain, have been under the rule of the Moors from 711 until 1492, a fact that has had a great impact upon its culture and civilization. The Moors took over the centralized kingdom of the Visigoths, who were fully Romanized and Christianized by that time. ii Spain, also known as Al-Andalus, represented a portal through which the Islamic culture influenced arts, sciences and literature in Europe. In Levant, cultural interaction was facilitated by the Crusades and the existence of the Byzantine Empire, which represented a very powerful cultural entity at the time. First of all, I would like to talk about the religious aspect of cultural exchange. Muslims never tried to impose their religion on the local Christian population, because they were generally outnumbered by it. Since the Christian religion was monotheistic, Muslims were more tolerant towards its adepts. This is why, Christians were granted certain autonomy, within the Islamic law, to practice their religion, in exchange for tribute. We will write a custom essay sample on Global cultural exchange or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Still, over the years, the laws became harsher, including regulations that prevented Christians from building new churches or repairing the old ones, as well as wearing the same clothes as the Muslims. These laws tried to isolate Muslims from Christians, in order to protect them from the danger of religious contamination. (Wolf). However, cultural exchange became possible in an area outside religion, which concerned the absolute truth and dealt with matters of logic and philosophy. As opposed to the Christian religion, Islam was much more understanding and open minded towards ancient writings. Therefore, in the development of the Islamic thought, scholars belonging to this civilization studied ancient science, mathematics, medicine, translating the works of Aristotle, Archimedes, Galen, Ptolemy, and Euclid into Arab. Al-Andalus became a scholastic center, which influenced European thought is a tremendous manner; for example, Gerard of Cremona considered himself a student of the Arabic science; he studied the works of Ptolemy and translated Avicenna from Arabic into Latin; his translations were very beneficial to the European scholars at the time and â€Å"prepared the way for that conflict of ideas out of which sprang the Scholasticism of the thirteenth century† (Turner).

Criminal Justice Is A Complex System - 1114 Words

Criminal justice is a complex system that requires a method to fully understand the many facets involved. Herbert L. Packer, Stanford University of Law Professor, published two key documents, an article Two Models of the Criminal Process and a book titled The Limits of Criminal Sanction which presented two models of the criminal justice system; the crime control model and the due process model. Packer s objective was to present two very diverse methods to understand and process the workings of the criminal justice system. Even though Packer s models are polar opposites, they do have some commonality in their adherences to the U. S. Constitution and its principles. However, their adherence is accomplished in their own unique way (Marion Oliver, 2012). Subsequently, Malcom M. Feeley, a professor of criminal justice and law, expanded on Packer s models which provided two viewpoints, rational goal and functional systems models, for understanding the criminal justice system, and pro vide insight on the most efficient way to organize the criminal justice system (Marion et al., 2012). In examining Packer s models and Feeley s models, one can visualize how the crime control, due process, rational goal, and functional systems models are related. Examining Packer s crime control model, this model views crime as a breakdown of individual responsibilities and places the highest importance on repressing criminal conduct, therefore protecting society. Individuals who areShow MoreRelatedThe Criminal Justice System Is Complex1201 Words   |  5 PagesOverview: The criminal justice system is complex and in need of several types of reforms, this is especially true in the juvenile justice system. In 2012, there were 1,319,700 arrests of juveniles in the United States (OJJDP) and this includes both violent and non-violent offenses committed by those under the age of 18. Policy reforms can offer alternatives to the incarceration of young offenders, by providing mental healt h, or addiction rehabs for those that are in need of it rather than lockingRead MoreThe Prison Industrial Complex Signifies A Criminal Justice System Essay2442 Words   |  10 Pages The ‘Prison Industrial Complex’ signifies a criminal justice system in America that has been significantly changed during the advance development over the last 30 years with further focus on the interests of the private sector in the crime industry (Wood, 2003). The Prison Industrial Complex (PIC) articulates the interests that use criminalisation, policing, surveillance and imprisonment as a solution to the social, economical and political issues of the society (Wood, 2003). Read MoreThe Criminal Justice System Is Made Up Of Many Complex Components That All Work Together Essay2046 Words   |  9 Pages The criminal justice system is made up of many complex components that all work together in order to maintain law and order in society. Of the different parts in the judicial system, criminal courts play a vital role in the execution of justice not only for the victim, but the community as well. Accordingly, criminal courts in the United States have been used to maintain social control of citizens and create social change within the population (Hartley Champion, 2009). Because every stateRead MoreRacial Inequality919 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussed in the American criminal justice system. Although racial discrimination is present in the criminal justice system, some people use the words inequality, discrimination, racism, and profiling loosely and do not understand how truly complex it is to prove that there actually is racial inequality present in the criminal justice system. Daniel P Mears, Joshua C. Cochran, and Andrea M. Lindsey article Offending and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Criminal Justice: A Conceptual Framework forRead MoreJustice Systems And The Criminal Justice System Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesThe criminal justice system is a complex and often uncoordinated system that operates by enforcing the law and seeking justice across countless jurisdictions. It is comprised of many separate agencies including agencies at the federal, state, and local level. Each agency has its own function and goals while operating at different levels of government. The agencies also represent different concerns and values of the public, creating a fragmented system rather than a monolithic, unified system. A monolithicRead MoreCriminal Justice Systems Paper1153 Words   |  5 PagesCriminal Justice System Paper The criminal justice system and the criminal justice process has shaped the laws of this country into what they are today from the concerns of politicians and government leaders as far back as the 1800s with crime control. Basically, the criminal justice system was designed to ensure the safety of individuals whom are citizens of this country. Essentially, the criminal justice system is â€Å"the structural basis used to maintain social control† (Education DecisionsRead MoreSummary : It s A War Going On 1215 Words   |  5 Pageslatino youth are pipelined directly into the criminal justice system through different institutions starting at a young age. These boys are marked for illegitimate gang activity at an early age, initiating the ongoing process where they are stigmatized in every aspect of their life for their negative credentials before they even have the opportunity to prove themselves. Victor Rios, author of Punished, names this phenomenon the Youth Control C omplex and shadows several youth in the Oakland areaRead MoreThe Organization Of Criminal Justice Functions1449 Words   |  6 PagesIn addressing the question as to which approach to the organization of criminal justice functions more efficiently, first one must consider how organization is defined. Organization is basically defined as social units devoted primarily to the attainment of specific goals. A system for the administration of criminal justice, whether it is confrontational or inquisitorial, should include certain key elements with communications between a large number of personnel; whose roles are very defined, whoRead MorePrison Industrial Complex Economics And The United States1157 Words   |  5 PagesStates than any other country. In the article â€Å"Prison Industrial Complex Economics†, it states, â€Å"the United States has approximately 6.5 million people under the criminal justice supervision. Incarcerated rate has grown from 176 in 1973 up to 700 in t he year of 2000† (Waquant). Incarceration is a big business that feeds into drug violence, corrupted guards, and racism in criminal justice system, taxpayer cost, and racism in the criminal system and through privatization of prisons. Drug violence The UnitedRead MoreBlack And Minority Ethnic Offenders1373 Words   |  6 Pagesin Westminster between Baroness Young, Clinks and The Black Training and Enterprise Group to discuss how the changing landscape of the Criminal Justice System could improve the outcomes for Black, And Minority Ethnic offenders (BAME). Following the meeting Baroness Young met the Secretary of State for Justice to seek his support to establish a task group. The Justice Secretary requested that the review included Muslim Offenders. The investigation and subsequent Young Review led by Baroness Lola Young

Taking a Look at Word Processing - 880 Words

Word Processing Term Definition 1 Word Processing The process of a computer processing to achieve its data and other functions 2 Document A file that provides information that can later be changed by the user 3 Word Wrap When a word is too long to go on the edge of a document, it will automatically be moved to the left below the sentence above 4 Justify The ability to change the look of a document by changing the location of the text within each file 5 Scrolling Moving the screen across a web page in order to visit other parts of it 6 Editing Changing a document to make modification 7 Thesaurus A book of knowledge that give you synonyms of another word 8 Formatting To rearrange data into a specific way 9 Font Different styles of text 10 Orientation The choice of have your page to be oriented in a horizontal or vertical direction 11 Footers A piece that text that constantly appears at the bottom of each page of the document 12 Cursor The indictor on the monitor that corresponds to your movement of the track pad or mouse 13 Template A document that serves as a starting pointing 14 Superscript A character that is always above a sentence 15 Indent A small block of space that is away from the margins 16 Hanging Indent Where only the first sentence has been indented but the rest of the sentence arent 17 Wingding A type of font that uses symbols as letters 18 Bullet An asterisk that is automatically placed at the beginning of another sentence 19 Find and Replace TheShow MoreRelatedHistory Of Data Processing1288 Words   |  6 PagesData processing is a shop that works in many different working fields. One thing you do in data processing is learning to computer programming. In my shop we are learning to program in Visual Basic and QuickBasic. Programming is used to tell a computer what to do. Using code you can make programs that can answer math problems, which would take someone, days to calculate in a brief second. In data processing we also learn to word process. Word processing is taking written text and being able to saveRead MoreAmandas Cognitive Abilities And Cognitive Processing Skills1100 Words   |  5 Pageswere assessed through the use of the WPPSI-IV in addition to supplemental subtests from the WJ-IV COG and KABC-II. On the WPPSI-IV, subtests that measure different cognitive processing abilities combine to form five index scores: Verbal Comprehension, Fluid Reasoning, Working Memory, Visual Spatial Processing and Processing Speed which all together make up the Full Scale IQ score (FSIQ). On the WPPSI-IV, Amanda earned an FSIQ score of 97, which ranks her overall ability at the 42nd percentile andRead MoreThe Levels Of Processing Model Essay607 Words   |  3 PagesThe Levels Of Processing Model The Levels OF Processing (LOP) Model is an alternative to the Multi Store (MS) Model. It does appreciate the idea that both STM and LTM do exist however it does focus on the inter- related processes needed for memory. It looks at the way information is coded and how likely it is to be remembered depending on the type of coding. * The LOP model was based on a study by Craik Tulving (1875) who tested participants on rememberingRead MoreThe Effects Of Recall And Recognition Were Investigated On Organized Groups Or Disorganized Groups1619 Words   |  7 Pagessee if people recall more words when they are shown in organized groups or disorganized groups. The research hypothesis for this investigation was that participants will recall words if the words are put into organized groups (one- tailed). The research method used for this investigation was an experiment of repeated measures. The average number of recalled words for the participants was 24 out of 50 words and 16 out of 50 words recalled by the participants when the words were presented to them inRead MoreBehaviorism And Behaviorism Theories Of Psychology Essay1322 Words   |  6 Pagesis credited as the founder of American psychology. He believed in observing everyday psychological experiences such as attention, memory, and reasoning. James also believed that the mind way very active in nature. Behaviorism say s that you have to look at psychology in a way that is observable and objective. The main focus was on how we react to stimuli. Unlike Ebbinghaus both James’s view and behaviorism stray from introspection as opposed to observation. Gestalt psychology emphasized people’sRead MoreQuestions On Information System And Transaction Processing System Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesSoftware c. Data d. Human Resources e. Telecommunications Types: a. Transaction processing system b. Management Information system c. Decision Support system d. Executive Information system 2. Transaction Processing System (TPS): Transaction processing system is a program or software to process all the transactions of a business or an organization. All in and out transactions are processed within Transaction processing system. All the transactions in the system undergo ACID test to ensure efficientRead MoreComparing Childhood Studies And Child Psychology1368 Words   |  6 Pages Part 1: Comparing and contrasting childhood studies and child psychology a. What are the main features of childhood studies? (400 words) Childhood studies is a subject area surrounding the study of children’s lives through many different concepts or ideas with many different features. It is related to many different fields such as law, history, sociology, health, anthropology and much more as Martin Woodhead (Open University) said â€Å"It uses multiple methods rather than just singular methods† andRead MoreMicrosoft Word Lab Report1676 Words   |  7 Pages3 Naming a File 4 Downloading a File 5 Microsoft Word (.docx), OpenDocument Format (.odt), Rich Text Format (.rtf) 6 PDF Document (.pdf) 6 Plain Text (.txt) 7 Web Page (.html, zipped) 7 EPUB Publication (.epub) 7 Sharing a File 8 Via Invite 8 Via Link 9 Inserting a Chart 10 Editing a Chart 12 Creating an Outline Using Headings 13 Creating Headings 13 Creating the Outline 14 Conclusion and Suggestions 15 Troubleshooting 15 * Look for the Google Chrome symbol for quick methods andRead More Types of Learning Disabilities Essay1484 Words   |  6 PagesTypes of Learning Disabilities There are many types of learning disabilities that can hinder a child’s scholastic performance. These include: dyscalculia; dysgraphia; dysphasia; auditory, memory, and processing disability; and dyslexia. Dyslexia is when a person has difficulty translating language to thought or thought to language. This person would have problems with expressive and/or receptive oral and written language; you would see trouble with reading, spelling, writing, speakingRead MoreAs The Graph Shows, We See That The Top Three Reasons Are1342 Words   |  6 PagesAs the graph shows, we see that the top three reasons are computer processing unit, graphics processing unit, and price, respectively. Without researching the differences in the processor and graphics card one would not have the key knowledge to base their decision on which model to choose. As is expected, price is one of the main decisions. The Ending Decision A near end stage is the postpurchase use and evaluation. After purchasing your computer this is the stage where you evaluate your investment

Modernism in Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler - 802 Words

Modernism was in effect expelled from Germany and many of its champions emigrated overseas as Hitler described modern art as â€Å"Bolshevist art†Ã¢â‚¬  in his autobiography â€Å"Mein Kampf† and â€Å"criticized the Weimar Republic for its alleged cultural weaknesses†.(Architecture and Politics in Germany ) â€Å"The Enabling Act (German: Ermà ¤chtigungsgesetz ) was a 1933 amendment to the Weimar Constitution that gave the German Cabinet – in effect, Chancellor Adolf Hitler – the power to enact laws without the involvement of the Reichstag†, The signing of this act into law by â€Å"both the Reichstag and Reichsrat on 23 March 1933† act led to the closure of the Bauhaus after only two years in its Berlin headquarters. When Modernism was suppressed it created an opportunity for a replacement language of architecture, one which met the needs and aspirations of the Third Reich. The problem was the leadership of the National Socialist Party had differing views on what this language should be and â€Å"despite Hitler’s many pronouncements on the subject, Feder, Schirach, Ley, Goering and the other officials who became the regime’s principal architectural patrons never agreed upon a consistent theory of what Nazi architecture should be.† Hitler believed the art of his people should demonstrate that â€Å"Germanness equals Clarity†. Hitler did in his rhetoric specify and reinforce that â€Å"Nazi architecture must be heroic†. This was not however very precise, â€Å"Heroism in Hitler’s speeches referred to monumental scaleShow MoreRelatedRole Of Art And Design During Nazi Propaganda1789 Words   |  8 Pagesidentity created to manipulate the public. While Hi tler s regime was anti modern art, art movements such as the Bauhaus movement played an important role in the creation of Nazi propaganda. The use of cultural imagery and symbolism allowed nazis to communicate with the general public easier and more effectively. Nazis used imagery as a medium to control the German general public s view on war, racism and the economy. The propaganda campaign set forth by Hitler allowed german authorities to make recklessRead MoreDiscuss the Graphic Design Styles and t Essay2686 Words   |  11 PagesStyles and Techniques of Propaganda and Persuasion used by the Nazi Government 1933-1939 â€Å"Nothing is easier than leading the people on a leash. I just hold up a dazzling campaign poster and they jump through it.† (Goebbels, 1934). By the time Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, he already understood the power that propaganda could have on the masses; so quickly hired Joseph Goebbels as Reich Minister of Propaganda to control the news, media and art in Germany. Propaganda then grew

Women informal labor Free Essays

Throughout the 20th century women in Mexico have endured poverty and found it necessary to venture out into the workplace as a means of subsistence. The increase in industrialism during the time following the Mexican revolutions changed the methods of work within Mexico City and transformed workers’ lives. This era saw more women entering the work force. We will write a custom essay sample on Women informal labor or any similar topic only for you Order Now The type of work granted women in Mexico was mainly in the areas of cigarette and garment making (Porter, 2003). Such occupation ensured that Mexican women spent several hours a day working in factories and performing repetitive actions. These women routinely worked double shifts, and though lower working hours were generally granted to married women, even these women were often required to work well beyond the normal working day (Tuà ±Ãƒ ³n, ). However, women soon began branching out into a wider variety of occupations, and especially since the 1995-95 economic crisis, many women have entered the informal labor force. The male dominated culture has traditionally kept women from advancing in Mexican business, and this has been a major contributor to women’s strong position in the informal economy. This is specifically due to the general uneducated nature of the female population, as well as the patriarchal mentality that prevents qualified women from being hired over men (Nolan, The official age of the female workforce lies between 20 and 24, though since the crisis this has increased to 39 years. In contrast to this, the age range of women in economies of developed countries rises up to 60 years and beyond (In Mexico City proper, the percentage of females employed in the informal economy is approximately 49% (ILO, 2002). Since the informal economy accounts for approximately 64% of all Mexico’s commerce, women do contribute significantly to the economy. However, the compensation granted them as a result of their being a part of the informal economy in a developing country is far below that of their counterparts in the developed world (2002). Women in Mexico City are by far more able to get work in the domestic and agricultural fields than in any area of labor (ILO, 2002). Some of these women, having no other skills, must settle for such work that no one else will perform. The nature of the tasks themselves, such as cleaning toilets and handling other unsavory waste, makes it likely that the women work out of desperation and for very low wages. Other work done in agriculture and manufacturing is done in entrepreneurial fashion, but at such small scales that the profits to be gained are marginal. Despite this, the money earned by these women is approximately three times as high as the minimum wage that currently exists in the country (2002). Furthermore, this wage level lies below the per capita income received on a national level—placing women still within a dominant position in the country. A significant portion of the work done in the informal economy is actually done for legitimate firms, but through subcontracts where workers work off site (ILO, 2002). Though this presents a brighter prospect for informal workers, only few women get a chance to participate in this kind of work, and it does not represent a significant portion of the Mexican informal economy. In contrast, most of the work done in the informal economies of developed countries exists in this form and much of it is performed by women (ILO, 2002). When this work can be obtained by Mexican women, much of it is done perennially and women are granted contracts for only three or four months at a time. The problem is that the women who work under such conditions are not given the full range of benefits that are granted to those with full time status. Because informal jobs are held by the vast majority of the women in Mexico City’s workforce, it follows that most women in the workforce are forced to work without benefits. However, even women who work under these conditions fare better than those who work in other areas of the informal economy. The fact that Mexican women’s wages in the informal economy lies above minimum wage loses its potency when one considers the loss of purchasing power suffered by the Mexican minimum wage during the 1990’s. This fact places Mexican women in a bad position compared with their counterparts in the developed world. Women of first world countries (such as South Africa and the United States) who engage in informal labor are generally found to perform â€Å"home-based work.† Such jobs are generally of a much more sophisticated nature involving modern technology and commanding much higher wages. This fact points toward the relative difference between the education levels of women in Mexico compared with their counterparts in the developed world. A notable exception is in the similarity that might be found between women workers in Mexico many women within the informal sector South Africa. This is especially as it regards persons of the South African lower class who, as a relic of the Apartheid tradition, engage also in domestic, agriculture, and manufacturing work. However, as a general rule, women who work in the informal economy of Mexico City perform more manually grueling work for less pay and compensation than their first-world counterparts (Arizpe, 1997; ILO, 2002). References Arizpe, L. (1997). â€Å"Women in the informal labor sector: the case of Mexico City.† The women, gender, and development reader. Dhaka: University Press Limited. ILO. (2002). Women and men in the informal economy: a statistical picture. Employment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sector, International Labour Office. Geneva. Nolan, J. P. (1999). Mexico business: the portable encyclopedia for doing business with Mexico.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New York: World Trade Press. Porter, S. (2003). Working women in Mexico City. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Tuà ±Ãƒ ³n, J. (1999). Women in Mexico: a past unveiled. Austin: U. of Texas Press. How to cite Women informal labor, Essay examples

Programing Assignment of C Language

Question 1: Create a 2 dimensional array (10 by 10) that represents a maze: fill the maze with asterisks and then make a 'random' path of blanks from the lower left (0,0) element to the upper right (9,9) element. Create a maze running program that prints out the correct path. Your program should move square by square - if it finds and asterisk blocking its path, it searches the next adjacent square, etc. Submit 10 separate trials proving your program discovers the correct path. Each path MUST be random. Answer 1: #include int safeZone(char m[10][10], int i, int j){ if(i = 0 i 10 j = 0 j 10 m[i][j] == ' ') return 1; return 0;}int check(char m[10][10], int i, int j, char solMaze[10][10]){ if(i == 9 j == 9) { solMaze[i][j] = ' '; return 1; } if(safeZone(m, i, j) == 1) { solMaze[i][j] = ' '; if (check(m, i+1, j, solMaze) == 1) return 1; if (check(m, i, j+1, solMaze) == 1) return 1; solMaze[i][j] = '*'; return 0; } return 0;} void printMazeSol(char solMaze[10][10]){ int i, j; printf("n|--------------------|"); for (i = 0; i 10; i++) { printf("n|"); for (j = 0; j 10; j++) printf("%c ", solMaze[i][j]); printf("|"); } printf("n|--------------------|");} int mazeSolution(char m[10][10]){ char solMaze[10][10] = { {'*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*'}, {'*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*'}, {'*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*'}, {'*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*'}, {'*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*'}, {'*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*'}, {'*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*'}, {'*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*'}, {'*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*'}, {'*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*' } }; if(check(m, 0, 0, solMaze) == 0) { printf("Solution doesn't exist"); return 0; } printMazeSol(solMaze); return 1;} int main(){ char m[10][10] = { {' ', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', ' ', '*', '*', '*'}, {' ', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', ' ', '*', '*', '*'}, {' ', ' ', ' ', '*', '*', '*', ' ', '*', '*', ' '}, {'*', '*', ' ', '*', '*', '*', ' ', '*', '*', ' '}, {'*', '*', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' '}, {'*', '*', ' ', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', ' ', '*'}, {'*', '*', ' ', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', ' ', '*'}, {'*', '*', ' ', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', ' ', '*'}, {'*', '*', ' ', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', ' ', ' '}, {'*', '*', ' ', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', ' '} }; mazeSolution(m); getchar();} Output : Question 2: Write a program that outputs all numbers of n digits or less that meet the following constraint:let the number beX and let the number of digits of the number be called n with each digit being d1,d2,..,dn. The d1**n + d2**n + .. + dn**n = X. For example : 371 meets this constraintbecause 3**3 + 7**3 + 1**3 = 371 ! But 11 does NOT meet the constraint because 1**2 + 1**2 does not equal 11. Test your code for N = 30 Answer 2: #include void main(){ long number, tempNum, result = 0, mul = 1; int N, i, j; int arrNum[50]; printf("Enter Number: "); scanf("%d", number); N = 0; tempNum = number; while(tempNum 0) { arrNum[N] = tempNum % 10; tempNum = tempNum/10; N = N + 1; } for(i=0; iN; i++) { mul = 1; for(j=0; jN; j++) { mul = mul * arrNum[i]; } result = result + mul; } if(result == number) printf("n%d meets constraint", number); else printf("n%d does not meet constraint", number); getch();} Output : Enter number: 30 30 does not meet constraint Enter number: 371 371 meet constraint Enter number: 11 11 does not meet constraint.

Consumerism and Ethical Attitudes for Empirical Study

Question: Discuss about a Case Study on Consumerism And Ethical Attitudes for An Empirical Study? Answer: Introduction The significance of business ethics as well as corporate governance is consistently increasing in present business scenario. Currently, the entire business community provide great emphasis on developing the corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as well as put extensive efforts to the proper implementation of those policies. Through the ethical business operation the company improve the sustainability quotient of the company. The ethical considerations are significantly relevant for the core business strategies (Healey, 2007). Therefore, the companies put great efforts for incorporating the values and ethics within their business strategies. The Co-operative Bank of UK is an enterprise which conducts its business operation with value and ethics. The bank provides utmost emphasis on developing the companys corporate social responsibility policies and formulates effective CSR strategies thus attain additional benefits and can able to stay ahead of the competitors. Performing bu siness activities in ethical ways is most essential for the companies as it helps the companies to avoid the legal hazardous, which used to be incorporated with the business activities (Audi, 2009). At the same time the ethical considerations of a company give the company much valuable customers as the customers also used to buy products from the companies who perform business with ethics. As in the current scenario, it is mostly witnessed that an increasing number of consumers take their buying decisions based on the ethical values, the consumer intend to buy environmental friendly goods and beside this the consumer prefer product with required labour standard and production method. Ethical consumerism is an increasing phenomenon in modern business (Devinney, Auger and Eckhardt, 2010). Brief overview of ethical consumerism and critical analysis The concept of ethical consumerism is an essential element in minimising the damage to the environment and societies in the process of buying a product or a service. In a global market, peoples are more aware of the origin of the product and services. The awareness of principle and policies of the product and services provides precise information, which causes changes in customer behavioural aspect in the process of purchasing a definite product or service (Dereli, Soykut-Sarica and Sen-Tasbasi, 2014). This behavioural development depends on several factors, which can be termed as ethical consumerism or ethical consumption. In other word, ethical consumption depends on the decision of the customer in buying a product or services. The customers are more active and dedicated in purchasing a product or services. In the process of economic development, people's have many options in the same segment (Ali and Wisniesk, 2010). To meet the need for ethical consumption, the organisations are becoming accountable to the society and the environment. Therefore, ethical consumption has become a tool for the change of the society. The ethical consumption has two prospects depending on the thinking and behaviour of the customer. The caring of the social and environmental attributes is a positive attitude of ethical consumption. The ethical purchase behaviour of customer in boycotting a certain product or service is a negative contribution to the society. Therefore, it is very essential for the organisation and the customer to balance the situation and helps to create a platform for overall development of the society and environment. The ethical consumption can be categorised into positive purchase behaviour, negative purchase behaviour and customer action. The customer action is phase with a belief that ethical consumption is an actionable behaviour like interaction with the retailer, manufacturer or to lobbying of court (Clarke, 2008). According to Co-operative Bank, the maj or markets of ethical business are as follows. Ethical personal product Ethical food and drink Eco- travel and transport Ethical finance The green home There are two element key forces, which is contributing maximum to this process. Now a day, the different unions, civil societies and charities are more active in ethical business practice. The nongovernmental organisations are running regular campaigns, to educate the population about the ethical consumptions and effect of unethical business on the society and the environment. The media is also playing a great role in this process of creating an ethical platform and minimises the effect of damage to the society and environment (Gunderson, 2013). Detailed review of a company For both the co-operative groups and co-operative banks 2013 was unexpected in term of financial and reputational threats faced by the both entities. In 2013 the bank faced a capital shortfall of 1.5bn and the requirement of PPI mis-selling grew huge disappointment among the consumers, colleagues, the members of the bank and other stake holders (Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrell, 2005). Therefore, the bank develops their business plan accordingly. So that the anguish among the stakeholder can be reduced and the bank can successfully proceeded to the stable growth of the company, at the same time the company can enhance their sustainability quotient (Lewis and Potter, 2011). The sustainability as well as the ethical policies of the bank comprises with the ethical banking, ethical products and services, ethical business, ethical work place and culture, and ethical campaigning. The company has taken seven goals for their ethical policy. The seven goals are performing the tasks with honesty and transparency, to become a responsible bank, which treats its consumer with fair. Beside this, the company aims to promote human rights and work to reduce inequality, the company will promote socio-economic growth in Britain (Mellahi and Wood, 2003). Apart from this, the company tries to protect environment, supports the international development program and protecting animal welfare. All these strategies help the company in providing adequate focus to their core business activities as well as ensure stable growth of the company and improve the sustainability quotient of the company (Kelly, 2003). Consumer buying behaviour Consumers are the centre of attention of all kind of organisation. Consumer buying behaviour has a significant impact on the profitability of the organisation. Nowadays the customers are getting very much conscious about the organisational background. Along with the quality of the product, consumers are focussing or preferring more on the legally approved business organisation. Customers will go through the whole organisational profile before choosing that brand (Fernandez and Quiason, 1964). The consumers prefer products that are more eco-friendly. Their culture mainly influences customer behaviour. Apart from the cultural, social and economical factors, consumers are more considering the environmental issues while choosing a product. Customers may compromise on ethics while making a decision includes a trade off between traditional purchasing and ethics. According to the survey, Organisations, which are executing their business ethically, are more preferred by the consumers. Ethic al issues play a vital role in the level of profitability. Consumers prefer reliable products that will provide beneficiary factors for their respective lifestyle. Understanding of the actual consumer buying behaviour is very much important for every organisation to survive in the competitive market. Legally recognised organisation always gets the preference of the consumers. They prefer the product that will ultimately improve peoples lifestyle. Organisations those are ethically correct will definitely set their price range according to the quality of the product (Pradeep, 2010). Thus, only ethically correct organisations will attract the consumers. Bank is one of the social organisations provides people the source of money that they need for a different purpose relating to their individual life. Banking sectors have a large scale of social contribution (Solomon, 2010). Thus, it is very much important for the bank to ethically or legally approve. Customers will prefer the bank those are ethically transparent and have secured future. The concerned bank provider their customers bank loans, life insurance policies, fixed deposits and other facilities with many other related facilities. Customers are provided with the option of online banking and internet banking, which are proved to be less time consuming. That is why the customers are attracted towards the corporate banking service. According to the research, as the co-operative bank is providing their customers a secure future; they are attracted to this concerned bank. The co-operative bank is contributing towards the social and economical growth of the society. Conclusion The project focus on the ethical consumerism which defines purchasing of products and services that minimises environmental and social damage and avoiding product and services that have a negative effect on the society or environment. It encourages people to think about how the product are produced and sourced which are not harmful to society and environment. Co-operative bank recent report showed large number of public willing to boycott and challenge organizations who do not comply with the ethical standards (Gray, Coates and Hetherington, 2013). The research focuses on ethical product and services of co-operative bank. The primary and secondary research provides co-operative banking services to businesses and consumers as per the ethical policy of bank. The ethical policy is based on the customer mandate which contains specific clauses which restricts the finance provision to certain business activities or sectors and supporting organisations to make positive contribution towards society and environment. The policy also covers all the non personal liabilities and assets held on the balance sheet of bank which includes deposits and saving, retail loans, treasury dealings and investment of all the retained balances. The values and ethics of co-operative bank were embedded in the constitution of bank through article of association. In 2013, a new committee of new values and ethics was established to demonstrate the commitment of the bank to promote and conduct its business in accordance with established ethics and values of Co-operative movement. According to the recent report of Co-operative bank spending on ethical drink and food has increased from 3.9 billion and 8 billion. The primary and secondary data collected from a survey proves that Co-operative bank deals with ethical product and services. In 1999, organic, fair-trade, dolphin friendly and free range products were already established but with limited availability. The primary and secondary data als o tracks the economic value attached to wide range of personal choices such as household product, food, charitable donations concerned with particular choice such as animal welfare, environment and human rights. C-operative bank has been the best company in the ethical polices in the banking report (Thio and Taylor, 2012). 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